中英双语话历史 第75期:元朝(蒙古族的兴起和元朝的统一)
The rise of the Mongols and Genghis khan united the tribes ： 1) The origin of the Mongols ： the Mongols was an old ethnic group in the North of China, and it was called Mengwushiwei in the Tang Dynasty, a branch of Shiwei tribes.
They lived in the Ergun River valley and in the 8th century they began to move to the West.
他们原住在额尔古纳河流域，8世纪时开始西迁。At that time there were many tribes, of which the bigger ones were Tartar, Kelie, Naiman and Wanggu etc.
当时蒙古草原上有许多部落，较大的有塔塔儿、克烈、乃 蛮、汪古等部。
Mongol was only the title of a tribe. When it united all the tribes, Mongol became the general name for all the tribes on the prairie.
蒙古原是一个部落的名称，后来蒙古统一各部以后，它就成为草原各部的通称。2) Genghis khan united the mongolian tribes： from the 10th century the mongoLian tribes and clans began to be under the control of Liao and Jin.
②成吉思汗统一蒙古各部。10世纪开始，蒙古各部先后受辽、金控制。12世纪时，随着社会生产力的发展和外部影响的加强,蒙古的部落氏族制度 开始瓦解,贫富分化激烈，出现了部落贵族、牧民和奴隶。When it came to the 12th century, with the promotion of the productivity and the increase of the fluence, the Mongolian tribes and clans began to separate and the intense polarization of rich and poor emerged, and then the tribe nobles, shepherds and the slaves came into being.
蒙古各部首领为了掠夺奴隶、牲畜和牧地,进行了无休止的战争。The tribes had the endless war to plunder slaves, livestocks and the pastures.
蒙古部孛儿只斤氏的贵族铁木真，在长期的征战中壮大了自己的力量，统一了蒙古各部。Tiemuzhen, the noble of Borzhiqin of the Mongols developed his power greatly in the long-term war and united the MongoLian tribes. In 1206, the leaders of all the MongoLian tribes had a meeting and elected Tiemuzhen the Great Han and honored him Genghis khan and then the Mongolia khanates was founded.
1206年，蒙古各部首领召开大 会，推举铁木真为大汗，尊称成吉思汗，建立了蒙古汗国。West and South expeditions of the Mongols ： After the foundation of mongolia khanates, Genghis Khan and his followers launched large-scale wars.
蒙古的西征和南下：蒙古汗国建立后，成吉思汗及其子孙发动了大规模的战争。First, Genghis Khan led the troops on a Western expedition himself from 1219 to 1225 and occupied the middle Asia and the Southern Russian pasture.
首先,1219年到1225年成吉思汗亲自帅军西征，占领中亚西亚和南俄罗斯草原。Then he had the Southern expedition and conquered Xia in 1227 and Jin in 1234.
继而南下，1227年成吉思汗帅军灭夏，1234年灭金。In the year of 1260, Ku-blai inherited the Han and changed the reign title into Yuan and Kublai was Yuan Shizu (the first king of the Yuan Dynasty).
1260年，忽必烈继承汗位,1271年改国号为元，即元世祖。Yuan Shizu continued to go to South and attacked the Southern Song Dynasty and occupied many places of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze e he was resisted heavily by the soldiers and people of the Southern Song Dynasty.
元世祖继续南下进攻南宋，占领长江中下游许多地方，但遭到南宋军民的英勇抵抗。In 1279, the Southern Song Dynasty was conquered and the Yuan Dynasty united China.
1279年，南宋灭亡，元朝统一了中国。The importance that Yuan united China：That Yuan united the country ended the situation that Song，Xia and Jin’s co-existence and laid a foundation for Yuan， Ming and Qing dyasties long-term unification of more than 600 years.
元朝统一中国的历史意义:元朝的统一，结束了辽、宋、夏、金等政权长期并立的局面，从而奠定了元、明、清600多年的长期统一的基础。The appearance of the united feudal empire promoted and strengthened inter-ethnic ties of e-conomy and culture, and made the multinational country more prosperous.
大统一的封建帝国的再现,促使国内各民族之间的经济文化联系进一步加强，促使多民族国家进一步繁荣。The u-nification was also a process that rulers of all ethnic groups collaborated.
元朝统一的过程,也是各族统治者合流的过程。After the Mongols occupied the central plain, they adopted the administration of the Hans and the other ethnics, the “Han Laws” and had formed an allied government with the dominance of the Mongol aristocracy, including the Han landlords.
蒙古贵族进占中原地区后，吸收汉族和其他各族地主参政，采用“汉法”，形成了以蒙古贵族为主,包括汉族地主在内的联合统治。
