中英双语话历史 第89期:清朝(灭亡)

The corrupt Qing Government Emperor ： Qianlong had been in the throne for sixty years. He inherited the former emperors course and stressed on the development of agriculture and strengthened the control on the frontiers, which made the united multi-nationality country develop further. So the period of Qianglong was called “a period of prosperity”.

清朝统治的腐朽:乾隆帝在位60年，继承前代的基业，注意发展农业,加强对边疆的统治，使统一多民族国家进一步发展，史称“乾隆盛世”。

And it was also a turning point for Qing to go from prosperity to downfall. In the reign of Qianlong, the seeds of capitalism were growing further, the basic contradictions in the feudal society became more and more serious, and the feudal system had been already corrupt.

但这一时期也是清 朝统治由盛到衰的转折点。乾隆时期资本主义萌芽进一步发展，封建社会的基本 矛盾日益激化，封建制度日趋腐朽。

In the later days of Qianlong, he focused on M cultural and military achievementsM and loosened the control and management of the officials and the political fall appeared. From the end of Qianlong to the periods of Jiaqing and Daoguang, the administrative management was corrupt, the financial state was difficult, the centralization of land was high and the classical contradictions were becoming fiercer.

乾隆帝晚年陶醉于“文治武功”，放松对官吏的 整肃，出现统治衰败的征象。从乾隆后期到嘉庆、道光时期，吏治败坏、财政困难、 武备废弛、土地高度集中，阶级矛盾日益激化。

The struggle against the feudalism ： 1) the peasants resisted to hand in taxand the hungry people fought for grains. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty，the peasants had the fierce fight for land and against the high tax with the landlords and the government. They required to get rid of the tax and lessen the rent and raised the calls to “average the land” and so on. This reflected that the tenants wanted to own their own land；

城乡人民的反封建斗争：①农民抗租，饥民夺粮的斗争。从清初，农民为了反 对高额地租和争取佃耕权，向地主和官府展开了激烈的抗租斗争。他们要求“除赋 捐租”，提出“均田（佃）”、等斗争口号，反映了佃农对永佃权和土地所有权的要求。

2) The craftsmen fought for freedom；

②手工业工人要求自由。

3) The Miaos rebellion in Xiang and Qian against the control of corrupt Qing broke out in 1795 because the Han beaucrats and merchants occupied the land of the Miaos in the Miao areas in Guizhou, Hunan and Sichun and the feudal government began to exploit them severely. In the first moon of 1795, one of the Miaos in Songtao, Guizhou, Shi Liudeng launched the uprising first and then Shi Lanbao and Wu Ruyue of the Miaos in Hunan rose up one by one. They raised a call to drive the guests out and restore their own land. The rebellion had lasted for twelve years and failed in the end in 1896；

③湘黔苗民起义。贵州、湖南、四川的苗族地区，汉族官 僚地主和商人（即所谓“客民”，）不断侵占苗民土地，封建官府也加紧对苗民的剥 削。1795年正月，贵州松桃苗民石柳邓首先发动起义，湖南苗民石兰保、吴入月也 相继而起。起义军提出“逐客民，复故地”的口号。这次起义前后持续12年之久， 到1896年才最后失败。

4) Bailianjiao uprising broke out in Sichuan and Hubei. In the old years of Qianlong, Bailainjiao was current in Hubei, Sichuan, and Shaanxi and so on. The Qing Government ordered to punish Bailianjiao followers severely and those who were involved in it and killed were innumerable. The heads of Bailianjiao, Liu Zhixie, Wang Conger and Yao Zhifu and so on raised the call to “rebel because of the Government oppression” and they were ready to rebel. Bailianjiao in Yichuan, Hubei rose up in the first moon of 1796 before the schedual because of the reveal of the news. Thenthefollowers inmanyplacesofHubei，Sh chuan, and Shaanxi rose up, too. The uprising had lasted for nine years. It was the last large-scaled rebellion in the feudal society, which punctured heavily the Qing governors；

④川楚白莲教大起义。乾隆晚年，湖北、四川、陕西等省白 莲教盛行。清政府下令严惩白莲教教徒，被株连陷害者不可胜数。白莲教首领刘 之协、王聪儿(女）、姚之富等提出“官逼民反”的口号，准备起义。因消息泄露，湖 北宜川白莲教提前于1796年正月首先发难，接着湖北、四川、陕西许多地方白莲教 徒都纷起响应。这次起义历时9年，波及5省，成为中国封建社会中最后一次规棋 较大的农民战争，给清朝统治者以沉重的打击。

5) Tianli Jiao Uprising in the North took place in 1813. Lin Qing and Li Wencheng led the Tianli Jiao uprising in 1813 in the North. Lin Qing sneaked into Beijing with the guidance of the follower eunuch and attacked the court. But he failed because he fought against hopeless odds. But the insurrectionary army continued to fight under the leadership of Li Wencheng in Hua County of Henan. Then the Qing army broke through Hua County and Li burned himself and died a hero’s death；

⑤北方天理教起义.813年,北方爆 发了林清、李文成领导的天理教起义。林清串众潜入北京城，在人教太监导引下， 进攻清宫，因寡不敌众而失败。李文成领导的起义军在河南滑县继续斗争，后清军 攻破滑县，李文成自焚，壮烈牺性。

6) The Rebellion of the Taiping. The increasing population and the depredation of copper coins was the main origin of the deep social problems of the 19th century. Although there was a need to enlarge the administration staff, the quota for the official recruitment stayed stabile. Corruption and bribery was the consequence of a lack of tasks for the educated class ； a very intense description of this situation is Liu E9s late Qing novel u Travels of Lao Can M.

⑥太平天国起义。人口的增长和铜币的贬值， 是19世纪清朝时期中国社会重大社会问题的主要根源。尽管清政府需要扩充政 府官员，但是政府所需新吸收的官员数量的配额始终没有变化。贪污受贿是那些 受教育阶级无所事事的结果，关于这方面，在清朝晚期小说家刘鄂的《老残游记》中 作了极为详细的描写。

The local mandarins were obliged to hand over a special amount of collected taxes to the court in Beijing, buthew much taxes the mandarins really levied was up to them. Especially in southern China, many peasants did not own the fields they worked on, but acted as tenant farmers, and perhaps forever if they did not go to the cities to find a better job.

地方官员有责任向清政府交纳特定数量的征税，至于征多 少税那就是他们自己的事了。特别是在中国南部，很多农民种地但是并不拥有土 地，如果他们不到城里去寻找好一点儿的工作，那么他们就得一直当佃农。

Other people joined bandits or rovers, girls looked for employment in the red quarters of the lower Yangtze cities. Trying to escape the taxmen and the population pressure, many landless peasants looked for new estates in remote mountain areas.

有的人当了土匪或者流寇，女孩子则跑到长江下游的一些城市卖笑为生。为了逃避税监和人口压力，很多没有土地的农民逃进深山老林寻找新的土地。

In 1795, a group of peasants rose against the Qing government. This traditional peasant uprising was called “White Lotus ”. The immense uprising of the “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”was of a similar character like the other secret societies and peasant or worker uprisings during Chinese history, but it was one of only a few uprisings that were able to endanger the foundation of a ruling dynasty.

1795年，一部分农民起义反对抗清朝政府的统治，这次传统上的农民起义史 称“白莲教”。规模巨大的“太平天国”起义与其他中国历史上的秘密社会团体和 农民或者工人起义的性质是一样的，它只不过是清朝时期几次大的起义中能够威 胁到统治阶级的根基的一次起义。

The founder of the Taiping Movement was the frustrated scholar Hong Xiuquan. Hong had been in contact with Christians and developed his own pseudo-Christian religion. He saw himself as a kind of messiahs and preached a social egalitarism and puritanism. His followers were unemployed, desperados and the poor, and they started to rebel against the Qing governmental institutions in 1850 from Guan-gxi Province. The organization of the movement was a strict hierarchy without separating military, political and clerical functions. In 1853, the Taiping rebels occupied Nanjing and established this city as their capital. Their armies advanced to Tianjin and had cut the waterways from south to north, the Taiping controlled the whole lower Yangtze River area.

太平天国运动的发起人是在科举考试中屡试不中的读书人洪秀全。洪秀全曾经和西方的基督教徒有过接触，于是就发展出了自己的伪基督教。他把自己看成是复国使者，到处宣讲他的平等主义和清教徒思想， 而他的追随者都是些无业者、市井无赖和劳苦大众。1850年，他们从广西省起兵 反对清朝政府的统治。太平天国运动组织是一个不分军事、政治、宗教作用但有着 严格等级制度的组织。1853年，太平义军攻下南京并把南京定为国都。他们继续 北上攻下天津并切断了南北的水路通道，占领了整个长江下游。

The Qing Government was unable to subjugate the rebels, and instead, local governors and rich merchants recruited soldiers to subdue the mighty Heavenly Kingdom. Three armies of local governors (Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang) and the Western powers under Frederick T. Ward and Charles 丄 Gordon with their “Ever-Victorious Army” were able to gradually throw back the Taiping armies and to massacre the Heavenly Capital Nanjing in 1864.

清朝政府无力镇 压义军，倒是地方官员和富商们招募士兵，镇压声势浩大的太平天国。地方统治者 的三支部队（曾国藩、左宗棠和李鸿章）以及弗来德里科? T ?华特和查里斯? G ? 格登领导下的西方势力“长胜军”相互勾结才逐步把太平军逐回南方，并在1864年 在太平军首府南京惨杀太平军将士，天京陷落。

The Taiping Rebellion was only the mightiest of a long line of uprisings that shook the Qing government during the 19th century. The Heavenly Kingdom movement failed with certain causes and it has its importance in the history of China. The objective cause for it to fail is that the anti-revolutionary power was too great. It was suppressed not only by the internal armies but also the foreign armed interference of the foreign invaders.

太平天国起义是19世纪唯一的一个规模大、持续时间长并动摇了清政府统治 的起义，虽然失败了，它还是有其失败的原因和历史意义:客观原因是反动势力过 于强大。太平天国起义不仅遭到国内封建势力的全力镇压，而且还受到外国侵略 者的武装干涉。

The subjective cause for it to fail is that the limitation of the leaders of the uprising and the mistakes caused by it. But the Heavenly Kingdom movement has its deep historical importance.

主观原因是领导太平天国起义的农民本身的局限性以及主要由此 产生的种种错误。太平天国起义虽然失败了，其历史意义却是深远的。

First it resisted the invaders,which showed the spirit of Chinese people of not being afraid of strong enem played an important part in the war in resistance the attempt of colonilization of China of the invaders.

首先，对外 抵抗了侵略者，显示了中国人民不畏强寇的斗争精神，在阻止侵略者企图使中国殖 民地化的斗争中起到了重要作用。

Second it stroke heavily the feudal power with the representation of the Qing government and sped up the downfall of the Qing government. The Heavenly Kingdom Rebellion is one of the cornerstones for the victory of the modern Chinese democratic revolution.

再者，对内沉重打击了清政府所代表的封建势 力，加速了清政府的衰亡。太平天国起义是近代中国民主革命胜利的基石之一。

The result of these rebellions was the clear evidence that the central government was further unable to control their vast empire. Instead ,local governors and military commanders took over the responsibility for actual policy—a situation similar to the end of Han Dynasty, when generals could control the central government after subduing the Yellow Turban Rebellion, with the difference that the Later Han commanders tried to replace the emperor, while Li Hongzhang and his colleagues saw themselves as moral defenders of the Qing throne against rebels.

清朝末年的农民起义说明中央政府已经无力控制他们的庞大的帝国了。相反，地方官员和军中要员接管了政治责任——这一情况和汉朝末年相同，当时，将领们镇 压了黄巾军起义后，控制了中央政权，但不同的是，汉朝末年的将领试图取代皇帝， 而李鸿章和他的同僚则只把自己看成是镇压起义、效忠皇帝的忠实卫士。

Because the Qing government did not want to negotiate with the Western powers，the provincial governors had a free hand in the field of foreign politics.

因为清 政府不愿和西方列强谈判,各省官员在对外政策上就可以放手行事。

The economical and demographical impact of these twenty years of internal war was deep enough to talk of a “restoration” under the Tongzhi Emperor: before building up a modern industry, the economy as a whole had to be reconstructed, especially the agriculture with the task of building dikes, waterways, water reservoirs, and granaries； the economical reconstruction required the increase of taxes and duties, a situation that did not help trade and commerce that had to encounter the foreign competition.

20年的内战在经济和人口上对政府的冲击如此之强以至于在同治皇帝时不 得不改革:在建设现代化的工业之前，必须重建整个经济，尤其是农业要修建大坝、 水路、水库和粮仓。经济的恢复需要增加赋税,这一情形无助于不得不面对来自国 外竞争的商业和贸易的发展。

Westernization movement and the appearance of Chinese Capitalism ： Westernization movement is a movement that was launched by the governors in the late Qing to save the country itself.

洋务运动和中国资本主义工业的产生:它是清末统治者掀起的一次自救活动。

It is the result that the capitalist invaders strengthened their control for the Qing Government and their further political influence on China. It is the result that the foreign capitalists strengthened their economic penetration and spread in China and yet the Chinese natural economic structure began to disintegrate.

它是资本主义侵略者加强对清政府的控制，列强政治影响进一步深化的产物，又是 外国资本主义经济对中国渗透的加深和扩散，中国社会自然经济结构逐步解体。

The guiding ideology of the westernization movement was uto apply the western systems in China,,< The principles of the activities included politics, military, economy and education etc. The activities had their different focuses according to the changes and development of the situations and the development of the movement itself. In general it focused on military and economy.

洋务运动的指导思想是“中学为体，西学为用”，其活动则包括政治，军事、经济，文 化教育等广泛的内容，这些活动随着形势的变化、发展和运动本身的发展，其着重 点也有不同，总的是以军事和经济活动为主。

The westernization had the first and the second periods. The first period focused on the construction of the munitions enterprises and the latter focused on the construction ofthe local business and the new navy.

洋务运动可分为前后两个时期，前期 以创办新式军事工业为主，后期则以创办民用企业和创建新式海军为主。

Since 1860s and 1870s, the national capitalist business emerged gradually in China. The conditions for it to appear were the formation of outlets for goods and the market for labor forces and the stimulation of the foreign capitalism.

从19世纪六七十年代开始，中国逐渐出现民族资本主义企业。中国民族资本 主义企业产生的条件主要是商品市场、劳动力市场的形成和外国资本主义的刺激。

The Chinese original natural economic structure changed rapidly and disintegrated with the occurrence that China became the market of the foreign products and the providing place of the raw materials step by step.

随着中国一步步成为外国的商品市场和原料供应地，中国社会原先的自然经 济结构迅速变化，逐步瓦解。

The Boxer Rebellion： The Boxer rebellion rose up in Shandong first in 1899. Then it spread to North China and Northeast China at a speed and marched to Beijing and Tianjin. The boxer rebellion developed greatly and stroked heavily the invading power of the capitalism.

义和团运动:义和团运动于1899年首先在山东兴起，迅速扩展到华北、东北地 区，并直逼京津。义和团运动蓬勃发展，沉重打击了帝国主义侵华势力。

In order to suppress the Chinese movement against the capitalist invaders and for the love of the their country of the Chinese people, in June 1900, Britain, France, Japan, Russia, German, USA, Austria and Italy organized the international u Eight-Power Allied Forcesand began to invade China in large swarms.

为了镇压 中国人民的反帝爱国运动，1900年6月，英、法、日、俄，德、美、意、奥八国组成侵略 联军，大举入侵中国。

The Group of Justice and Peace fought with the capitalist invaders heroically. Certain patriotic officers and soldiers of the Qing army took part in the battle to resist the invasion of the capitalists.

义和团与帝国主义侵略者进行了英勇斗争。一部分清政府 的爱国官兵也参加了抗击侵略者的战斗。

In Shangdong, the fist fighters focused on the fight against the foreign religions and the other invading powers. Meanwhile they were against the feudal power which protected the foreign religion and suppress the masses. In the year of 1896, Zhao Sanduo and the others gathered up the fist fighters for justice and peace at Liyuantun of Guan County in the Northwest of Shangdong near Zhili.

义和团在山东主要是反抗洋教和其他外国侵略势力。同时也打击庇护洋教而 压制百姓的地方封建势力。1896年，毗邻直隶的鲁西北冠县梨园屯赵三多等人，在 当地聚集义和拳众。

In October 1898, Zhao Sanduo commanded more than three hundred fist fighters to siege the Hongtaoyuan church nearby. The church invited the Qing army to suppress. The fist fighters withdrew to Linqing in the east and continued to fight against the foreign religions at the common boundary of Zhili and Shandong.

1898年10月，赵三多率拳众300多人围攻附近的红桃园教 堂，教会请来清军镇压，拳众东撤到临清，继续在直隶和山东交界之处进行反洋教 斗争。

At the same time, the Fists for Justice and Peace rose up and fought against the foreign religions under the leadership of Zhu Hongdeng (the used name Zhu Fengming) and the Buddhist monk Xincheng (the used name Yang Zhaoshun) in the areas of Changqing, Zaiping, Gaotang and Yucheng. The local poor peasants and groups of homeless people responded and rose up.

与此同时，长清、在平、高唐、禹城一带的义和拳，在朱红灯（原名朱逢明）与 心诚和尚（原名杨照顺)率领下，也掀起反洋教斗争，当地贫苦农民和大批流民群众 纷纷响应。

According to the statistics of historical data, there were more than eight hundred places that had the boxers in more than eight hundred and sixty villages in only Pingyi County in short three months. Almost every village had the boxers.

根据史料统计,在短短3个月里，仅在平一县860余庄中，习拳者多至 800余处，几乎村村皆有。

At the beginning of movement that the Fists for Justice and Peace fought against the foreign religions, the Qing government ordered the provincial governor of ShandongZhang Rumei to protect the churches. Zhang Rumei sent his armies to suppress" many times and was defeated completely by the fist fighters.

义和拳掀起反洋教斗争时，清政府接连下令山东巡抚张 汝梅“实力保护”教堂教士。张汝梅多次派兵前往镇压，皆被拳民打败。

At the beginning of the fight, the German invaders stationed in Shandong occupied Rizhao, Jimo and Gaomi and so on in spring of 1899 and required the Qing government to suppress the Group for Justice and Peace.

义和团运动在山东兴起之初，盘踞山东的德国侵略军便于1899年春占领日 照、即墨、高密等地，并要求清政府镇压义和团。

The Revolution of 1911： The weakness and inability of the Qing government made China lose large pieces of land. The Chinese masses organized spontaneously the movement to protect their motherland everywhere in the country.

辛亥革命:清政府的无能致使中国领土大面积沦丧，中国民众在全国各地自发 组织了保国运动。

In the early years of the 20th century, the revolutionary organizations mushroomed constantly, taking it as the purpose to overthrow the corrupt control of the Qing government, one of which was the Tongmenghui led by Sun Zhongshan. It launched many armed rebellion and stroke heavily the control of the Qing government.

20世纪初，以推翻清政府的腐朽统治作为奋斗目标的革命团体 不断涌现。其中，以孙中山为首的中国同盟会多次发动武装起义，沉重打击了清王 朝的统治。

Because of the influence of the Western capitalist thinking, the revolutionaries and the reform group required to realize the constitutional monarchy in China. But when the constitutional group realized the false constitution of the Qing government, they broke with the Qing government in the end and launched the revolution of 1911 to overthrow the Qing Empire.

受西方资产阶级思想的影响，革命党人和资产阶级维新派要求在中国 实行君主立宪制度。当立宪派觉悟到清政府的假立宪面目后终于同清政府决裂。 发动了推翻清王朝的辛亥革命。

The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Qing government and founded their own temporary administration in Nanjing.

1911年的辛亥革命推翻了清政府的统治，并成立了南京临时政府。

The Revolution of 1911 is an important historical event in the history of China.

辛亥革命是中国历史上具有伟大意义的历史事件。

Politically, it overthrew the Qing empire, and ended the feudal centralized system which lasted for several thousand years in China. The first democratic republic regime was founded and the idea of democratic republic was deeply rooted in the heart of the masses. Economically, the Nanjing Temporary Government awarded the capitalist industry and commerce and promoted the civil enterprises.

在政治上，推翻了清王朝， 结束了在中国延续了几千年之久的封建专制政体，第一次建立起民主共和政权，并 使民主共和的观念深人人心;在经济上,南京临时政府奖励资本主义工商业，促进 了民营企业的发展。

In 1912, the newly-founded factories in the country amounted to nine hundred and sixty-three, which increased to one time compared with that in 1911. The development of the national capitalist business continued for many years and the national capitalist economy entered its golden time because of the other factors together. That provided material qualifications for the continuous rise. Culturally, some feudal and backward rules and customs were casted aside and the pursuit for science and democracy became fashionable.

1912年全国新创办的工厂达963家，较之1911年增加了一倍。民族资本企业的这个发展势头持续了多年，加上其他因素，使民族资本主义经 济的发展进人了“黄金时代”，为民主运动的继续高涨提供了物质条件;在思想文化 上，一些封建的、落后的陈规陋习被唾弃，追求科学和民主成为社会时尚。