英语翻译的知识点
英语翻译是一门十分专业的英语学问,随着我国向国际化迈进的步伐越来越快,对于英语翻译专业人才的需求也越来越旺盛。接下来本站小编为你整理了英语翻译的知识点，一起来看看吧。
英语翻译的基础知识
1. 异化 (foreignization) 和归化 (domestication)
保留原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，叫异化，读者通过这样的译文可以感受到异域文化的东西。例如，把crocodile tears 译为鳄鱼泪，就是异化的翻译方法;舍弃原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，取而代之用译文的文化色彩，或者牺牲这种文化色彩而只翻译出其意义就是归化，就是让原文“归顺”于译文。例如把crocodile tears 译为假惺惺的眼泪，就是归化的翻译方法。
2. 直译 (literal translation) 和意译 (free translation) 直译即照着原文直接翻译，例如 藏龙卧虎 – Hidden dragons and hidden tigers. 意译就是抛弃原文形式而只传达其意义，例如 Dutch courage – 酒后之勇
3. 音译 (transliteration) 比如：store – 士多 cheese –汁斯 风水 –fungshui
4. 翻译的标准：信达雅 faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance “信”指的是忠实于原文的内容和风格 (faithful to the content and style of the source text;“达”指的是译文语言流畅自然而不生硬阻滞 (the translation or target text should be natural and expressive);“雅”指的是译文译文语言风格尽可能贴近原文风格。
5. 词类的转化 conversion ：名词 动词 形容词 副词 根据表达需要，在翻译中，往往需要进行词类的转化，此外，还包括抽象与具体的转化。
6. 增添法 amplification 比如：增添连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等
7. 省略法 omission比如：省略连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等
8. 汉语是意合(parataxis)语言，分句之间的关系是隐性的 (covert)，英语是形合 (hypotaxis) 语言，分句之间关系还是显性的 (overt)
9. 英语的54种基本句型：
SV / SVC / SVO / SVOO / SVOC
10. 比较来说，汉语是动态 (dynamic) 语言 英语是静态( static) 语言;汉语更喜欢使用有灵主语(及人或其他有生命的词作主语animate subject)，英语更喜欢无灵主语(inaminate subject)，例如：The sight of the photo reminded me of ...(参考教材31面)
11. 句子层次来说，英译汉常要分division, 汉译英常要合 combination.
英语翻译的题目
饺子
饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1) 擀皮、2) 备馅、3) 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。
Dumplings
Dumplings are one of the Chinese People’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---
Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;
2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.
剪纸
剪纸(paper cutting)是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史,在明朝和清朝时期
(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间,剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色,象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎,经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。
Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese papercutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly duringthe Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper ng the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings areused to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyousatmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizeshealth and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it isoften given as a present to foreign friends.
大四
现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一中内疚感。一想到白天什么事都没干，心理就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。
Nowadays, college students bear great/heavy academic pressure. You will find all of them, except seniors who are beginning to look for a job, always too busy with their studies to join campus organizations or clubs, to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities, to play with their friends, and to pay attention to anything unconnected with their studies. In short, they are just like a robot. They are under great pressure to do too much work in too little time. If they go to a movie while their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight, they will feel guilty. The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night. They study so hard that they hardly have time to savour life and to pursue other interests to grow as all/well-
rounded people. The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health.
胡同
北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅 是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大 厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。
In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.
