共产主义风投 政府驱动的中国创业潮(下)
Hangzhou is home to China’s most famous internet company, the e-commerce giant Alibaba, which has become a training ground for would-be entrepreneurs.
杭州是中国最著名的互联网企业、电商巨头阿里巴巴的总部所在地。阿里巴巴已经成了想创业的人的培训基地。
The neighborhoods near Alibaba’s sprawling campus, once a poorly developed area on the city’s outskirts, now make up a budding tech center with newly built office parks like Dream Town, dominated by ambitious college graduates, angel investors and venture capitalists.
阿里巴巴的园区规模庞大，所处的地方一度是杭州市郊的一个不发达地区。如今，这里形成了一个新兴的科技中心，有多个像梦想小镇这样的办公园区，往来人员以踌躇满志的大学毕业生、天使投资人和风险投资者为主。
The local restaurants have become hangouts to exchange ideas and gossip over fried squid and stewed pork and eggs.
当地的餐厅成了一边品尝炒鱿鱼、炖猪肉和鸡蛋，一边交流想法和八卦的场所。
Feng Xiao is typical of this new breed.
冯晓是这一新兴群体的典型代表。
Mr. Feng, 39 and a Hangzhou native, spent 11 years at Alibaba, mainly in sales and marketing.
现年39岁的冯晓乃杭州本地人，曾在阿里巴巴任职11年，主要从事市场营销工作。
There is a Chinese proverb, ‘The soil is too rich,’ Mr. Feng said.
按中国人的说法，这是片沃土，冯晓说。
Alibaba offered you a lot of opportunities. It was easy to have a sense of success. But I wanted to be able to start from scratch.
阿里巴巴会给你很多的机会，在那儿很容易获得一种成就感，不过我还是希望能从头开始创业。
His start-up was born in Alibaba’s cafeteria, where he ate meal after meal.
他的初创企业诞生于阿里巴巴的餐厅，他以前成天在那儿吃东西。
I really missed Mom’s cooking, he said.
我挺想念我妈妈的饭的，他说。
He figured that many other people, trapped working for long hours far from home, felt the same.
他觉得其他很多离家在外、长时间忙于工作的人，应该和他有着同样的感受。
Mr. Feng and two other Alibaba employees left their jobs in 2014 and opened a food delivery service, Mishi.
冯晓和阿里巴巴的另外两名员工于2014年离职，创办了提供送餐服务的觅食。
Their plan was to connect people willing to prepare homemade meals with on-the-go professionals who were too busy to cook.
他们的计划是把乐于烹制家常菜的人和无暇下厨的专业人士联系起来。
They set up shop in a friend’s empty house, decorated with secondhand furniture and photos from home.
他们在一位朋友的空房子里开了店，里面摆上二手家具，以及从家里拿来的照片。
Along with raising $19 million from private investors, Mishi caught the eye of the Hangzhou city government.
除了从私人投资者手中募集了1900万美元资金，觅食还获得了杭州市政府的关注。
In 2014, district officials awarded Mishi 5 million renminbi to help pay the bills.
2014年，区里的官员奖给觅食500万元人民币，帮其支付账单。
Its rent in a Hangzhou office park is also subsidized.
它还得到了租金补贴，用以在杭州一个办公园区租赁办公场地。
The most important thing on the part of the government is whether they are open to new types of businesses, Mr. Feng said.
其实很重要的是政府是否能够对待新的业务模式保持开放的态度，冯晓说。
We are glad to see they are aggressively supporting us.
政府这么强力支持我们，我们是很高兴的。
Hangzhou represents what Chinese leaders see as the nation’s economic future.
杭州代表着中国领导人眼中的本国经济的未来。
The country used to generate astronomical growth rates by depending heavily on low-cost exports and extremely high investment in apartment towers, factories and highways.
以前，中国习惯于严重依赖低成本出口，以及对公寓楼、工厂和公路的大手笔投资，以此来支撑惊人的经济增长率。
China built so many steel mills that it can produce 10 times as much steel as the United States.
中国已经建起了太多钢铁厂，其产量是美国的十倍。
But today, costs are rising, eating away at the competitiveness of many export industries.
但现在，日益升高的成本削弱了许多出口行业的竞争力。
The long investment boom has saddled the economy with too many factories and a mountain of debt.
长期以来的投资热潮让中国经济背上了工厂数量过剩、债务堆积如山的负担。
Instead, policy makers are encouraging a shift to new growth engines, like services and high tech.
因此，决策者们正致力于推动转型，把服务业、高科技业等打造成新的增长引擎。
The entrepreneurial focus is providing an economic boost for Hangzhou.
以创业为核心的做法，正在刺激杭州经济的发展。
The city’s gross domestic product rose 10.2 percent in 2015, compared with the 6.9 percent national growth rate.
在2015年，杭州的GDP增长了10.2%，相比之下，整个中国的增长率为6.9%。
Hangzhou’s service sector, which includes many start-ups, was the main engine of that strong performance, surging 14.6 percent.
杭州的服务业——包括许多初创企业——是促成这种强劲增长的主要引擎，其产值猛增了14.6%。
The Chinese know that state-owned enterprises are not going to employ everybody, said Hans Tung, a managing partner at GGV Capital, a venture capital firm that operates in both Silicon Valley and China.
中国人知道，国有企业没法雇用所有人，在硅谷和中国均有业务的风险投资公司纪源资本(GGV Capital)的管理合伙人童士豪(Hans Tung)说。
They need young people to create jobs for themselves, so they are encouraging them to try something new.
他们需要让年轻人自己创造出就业机会，于是就鼓励他们尝试新东西。
Mishi, the food delivery start-up, has created 100 full-time jobs, and has bolstered the incomes of more than 10,000 home chefs.
送餐初创企业觅食创造了100个全职工作岗位，并为超过1万名家庭厨师带来了更多收入。
Cai Liangen, a retired businessman turned Mishi cook, learned about the start-up when a marketing team visited his apartment complex seeking to enlist new chefs.
从退休商人变身为觅食厨师的蔡连根，在想要网罗新厨师的营销团队到访他住的公寓楼时知道了这家初创企业。
Last November, he and his wife began making local specialties in their kitchen, including a sliced pork dish prepared with my mother’s secret recipe, Mr. Cai said.
蔡连根说，他和妻子从去年11月开始在自家厨房里烹制本地特色菜，其中包括按照我母亲的家传秘方做的一道猪肉片。
They now receive 40 orders a day and earn 5,000 renminbi a month, increasing their total income 70 percent.
他们现在每天能接到40个订单，一个月能赚5000元人民币，家庭总收入提高了70%。
We do it because we love to cook, Mr. Cai said, but the money is good to have, too.
我们是因为喜欢烧饭才做这个的，蔡连根说。能挣一些钱也不错。
After submitting a 10-page proposal in 2014 to join a Hangzhou incubator, Ai Binke sat nervously before a committee of tech industry executives who questioned his future prospects.
在2014年，为了加入杭州的一个孵化器，艾斌科在递交了一份10页长的方案之后，不安地坐在一个由科技行业高管组成的委员会面前，接受关于企业未来前景的质询。
His software company, Yun Ran Internet of Things, had only four employees, and its business deals had been small.
他的软件企业名为云然物联网公司，当时只有四名雇员，业务规模也很小。
But his start-up, Mr. Ai explained to the committee, had great potential.
但艾斌科向委员会解释，他的初创企业潜力极大。
That was sufficient for the judges to award him 100,000 renminbi in subsidies.
这足以说服评委们给予他10万元人民币的补助。
The bulk, roughly 70 percent, was instantly transferred into his corporate bank account.
大约70%的款项立即就转入了云然公司的银行账户。
As long as you run projects that are encouraged by the Hangzhou government, you can get the subsidies, said Mr. Ai, 29.
基本上只要你的项目是杭州政府支持的项目，你都能获得补助，现年29岁的艾斌科说。
It’s not very difficult.
不会太难。
Local governments around China are spending heavily on start-ups.
中国各地方政府正向初创企业投入大笔资金。
In Shenzhen, authorities are offering to subsidize up to 70 percent of rent for creative start-ups.
在深圳，当局为创新型初创企业提供的租金补贴可多达租金的70%。
Local officials in the southwestern metropolis of Chengdu are setting up a 200 million renminbi entrepreneurship and innovation development fund and promising subsidies of up to 5 million renminbi.
在西南地区的大城市成都，地方官员设立了规模为2亿元人民币的创新创业发展基金，并承诺给予相关企业的补助最高可达500万元。
Officials in Guangdong province in China’s south will cover part of a start-up’s losses.
南方省份广东的官员愿为初创企业承担部分损失。
Even the lesser-known city of Yingtan, in an area of Jiangxi province mainly known for its ancient Taoist temples, is planning to build an incubator.
就连不太为人所知的鹰潭市，也打算打造一个孵化器。鹰潭隶位于江西省，主要以古老的道观闻名。
Hangzhou’s government has been one of the more active.
杭州市政府是较为积极的一个。
Officials are forming a venture capital fund of 4.7 billion renminbi , with contributions from companies, according to the city’s website.
该市的网站显示，官方正利用来自企业的款项，筹办一个规模为47亿元人民币的风险投资基金。
This year, Hangzhou announced that it would give 100 million renminbi annually to help start-ups pay expenses.
杭州于今年宣布，每年将投入1亿元，帮助初创企业支付各种费用。
But governments historically have a spotty record of using state-directed money to generate business success stories.
不过，回顾历史，政府利用自身控制的资金打造成功商业案例的记录一向良莠不齐。
During Japan’s high-growth decades, its bureaucrats tried to pick winners by selecting certain industries for support.
在日本经济高速增长的几十年里，该国的官僚试图通过筛出可以获得支持的特定行业来挑选赢家。
Though they nurtured a few internationally competitive industries (shipbuilding and steel), they also had significant failures (chemicals and computer software).
尽管培育出了几个颇具国际竞争力的行业（造船业和钢铁业），但他们也遭遇过巨大的失败（化工业和计算机软件业）。
The Obama administration got a black eye for its financial aid to the solar technology firm Solyndra, which sank into bankruptcy.
奥巴马政府曾因给太阳能科技企业Solyndra提供财务援助，但公司最终破了产，弄得他们灰头土脸。
In China, government efforts to assist new businesses have often led to waste and excess.
在中国，政府扶助新企业的努力常常导致浪费和过剩。
Too much investment pours into favored industries, spawning poorly conceived projects in areas like hotels and solar panels.
太多投资涌进受青睐的行业，在各地催生出了大量匆忙上马的项目，比如在酒店和太阳能组件领域。
By trying to spur start-ups, the state is also engaging in a high-risk business that even for the most experienced venture capitalist is prone to produce more failures than successes.
通过竭力推动初创企业的发展，政府还涉足了一个高风险的行业——就连经验最老道的风险投资人遭遇的失败也往往多过取得的成功。
Hangzhou officials are trying to avoid such pitfalls.
杭州的官员正竭力避免这类陷阱。
At Dream Town, the financial aid is often linked to a start-up’s performance.
在梦想小镇，资金援助常常和初创公司的业绩挂钩。
The amount of free rent depends on how much private capital a company can raise.
租金减免额度取决于企业可以募集多少私人资金。
Cash handouts are tied to revenue targets or top-selling apps.
现金发放则和收入目标挂钩，或者针对最受欢迎的一些应用。
Government officials also enlist professionals to help allocate the city’s money.
政府官员也会招募一些专业人士来协助分派该市的资金。
The committee that judges applicants to Dream Town is usually made up of tech executives, financiers and academics.
对申请加入梦想小镇的人员进行评判的那个委员会，通常由科技企业高管、金融从业人士和学者构成。
Ye Feng, a manager at another incubator who has sat as a judge on three occasions, said she quizzed the contenders on their technology, business plan and even product pricing.
另一个孵化器的负责人叶枫曾在三个场合担任评委，她说自己向申请者询问过他们的技术、商业计划，甚至是产品定价。
Usually about 30 start-ups appear at each competition.
每一场角逐通常会有30家初创企业参与。
No more than four make the cut to enter Dream Town.
获准加入梦想小镇的不会超过四家。
The competition is quite fierce, Ms. Ye said.
竞争还是挺激烈的，叶枫说。
Sometimes it’s hard to make a decision.
有的时候要做出一个决定很难。
But some in Hangzhou fear that the government is doling out too much money, and it is flowing to start-ups with weak business plans and feeble prospects.
但杭州的一些人士担心，政府撒钱太多，一些资金正流向商业计划乏善可陈、前景黯淡无光的初创企业。
Mr. Ai of Yun Ran said that two neighbors also received city subsidies.
云然公司的艾斌科说，邻近的两家公司也获得了政府的补助。
One, a robotics start-up, failed to attract private capital and closed, while the other, a mobile game company, is struggling to stay afloat as its business withers.
其中一家是机器人初创企业，没能吸引到私人资本，最终关门大吉；另一家是做手游的，业务不断萎缩，正挣扎求存。
The government money, Mr. Ai said, often cannot replace the private capital necessary for start-ups.
艾斌科表示，政府资金通常无法取代对初创企业必不可少的私人资本。
Without financing, it would be very hard for them to survive, he said.
没有这样的资金上的支持的话，这些企业会很难生存。
