中印在雾霾笼罩下开始气候谈判

China and India have greeted the start of climate change talks in Paris with their capitals enshrouded in thick brown smog, a product of runaway economic growth.

中国和印度投入巴黎气候变化谈判之际，两国首都均笼罩着浓浓的褐色雾霾，这是快速经济增长的产物。

In Beijing and New Delhi, both plagued by smog for much of the past month, children have been kept indoors at schools and sales of air filter and face masks have boomed

北京和新德里在过去一个月的大部分日子都受到雾霾困扰，学校只能让孩子们待在教室里，空气过滤器和口罩畅销。

High levels of vehicle and industrial emissions have combined with smoke from heating in north China, and in northern India with agricultural fires.

车辆和工业的大量排放在中国北方与供暖产生的烟结合在一起，在印度北方则与农业燃烧产生的污染物结合在一起。

The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur has called for urgent measures to upgrade fuel standards. The government, however, appears reluctant to confront India’s powerful automotive industry. Low-grade diesel and poor emissions standards among the country’s growing truck fleet are leading causes of smog in India.

印度理工学院坎普尔分校(Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur)呼吁采取紧急措施以提高燃料标准。不过，印度政府似乎不愿得罪该国强大的汽车产业。随着印度的卡车保有量不断上升，其劣质柴油和糟糕排放标准是印度雾霾的头号元凶。

In Beijing, the smog worsened after the environment ministry announced it had achieved its five-year pollution targets six months early. Research from one state-backed institute suggests the ministry has undercounted emissions of sulphur dioxide by about half.

在北京，就在中国环保部宣布提前六个月达到当前五年规划的减少污染指标后，雾霾状况有所恶化。有政府后台的一个机构的研究似乎表明，环保部将二氧化硫排放量低估了大约一半。

The research highlights the difficulty China faces even quantifying its pollution problem, given the challenge of obtaining accurate statistics. Beijing has pledged to rein in its carbon emissions so that they stop growing by 2030, despite not having published an official estimate of emissions since 2005.

这项研究突显出，鉴于获得准确统计数据的挑战，中国即使是在量化污染问题方面也面临困难。北京方面已承诺遏制中国的碳排放量，使其最迟在2030年停止增长——尽管中国自2005年起从未发布官方的排放量估算值。

A study by the China Environment Chamber of Commerce shows China emitted about 30m tonnes of SO2 last year, up from 25m tonnes in 2005, based on calculations of coal use by non-power generators such as metals smelters and factories. That contrasts with official figures that SO2 emissions fell to 19m tonnes last year.

中华全国工商业联合会环境服务业商会(China Environment Chamber of Commerce)的一项研究显示，根据非发电企业（如金属冶炼厂和工厂）的煤炭使用量计算，去年中国排放了约3000万吨二氧化硫，高于2005年2500万吨的排放量。这与显示去年二氧化硫排放量降至1900万吨的官方数字形成对比。

The chamber’s calculations take into account a 1.1bn tonne increase in the use of coal by the non-power sector over the past 10 years. Official statistics often undercount sectors dominated by private industry because of their reliance on reporting by state-owned enterprises. This year, China revised up by about 14 per cent the amount of coal it had consumed between 2000 and 2013.

环境商会的计算计入了非电力行业在过去10年期间新增的11亿吨煤炭使用量。官方统计数字依赖国有企业的报告，因而往往低估了民营企业占主导地位的行业的排放量。就在今年，中国把2000年至2013年期间的煤炭使用量调高了大约14%。

China has invested in scrubbers to clean emissions at its power generation plants and big steel mills. Complex plans to curb carbon emissions include shutting boilers at factories and moving heavy industry to regions, where there is “room to pollute”.

中国已在国内发电厂和大型钢厂投资安装洗涤器以清洗排气。遏制碳排放量的复杂计划涉及关停工业锅炉和把重工业转移到有“污染空间”的地区。