黑客攻击 俄颠覆活动传统的体现

Speaking at the Kremlin in December 2014, Vladimir Putin explained that bears might prefer a quiet life, eating berries and honey instead of chasing piglets, but no self-respecting bear should let its enemies rip out its claws and fangs.

2014年12月在克里姆林宫讲话时，弗拉基米尔•普京(Vladimir Putin)解释称，熊或许更喜欢安静的生活，吃浆果和蜂蜜，而不是追逐小猪，但是，任何一头有自尊的熊都不应任由敌人拔掉它的爪子和尖牙。

Among the bears for which the Russian president’s remarks were sure to have held singular resonance was Fancy Bear.

普京的发言肯定在一些熊中引发了独特共鸣，花式熊(Fancy Bear)就是其中之一。

Fancy Bear is a Russian cyber-espionage group that the World Anti-Doping Agency holds responsible for hacking into its computer systems and publishing the confidential medical data of US and European athletes.

花式熊是俄罗斯一家网络间谍团体。世界反兴奋剂机构(World Anti-Doping Agency)认为，该团体入侵了它的计算机系统并公布了美欧运动员的保密医疗数据。

Another tech-savvy denizen of the Russian forest that likes to show its claws is Cozy Bear.

生活在俄罗斯森林中的另一头懂技术、喜欢露出爪子的熊，是安逸熊(Cozy Bear)。

According to CrowdStrike, a California-based cyber security company, the two bears were responsible for separate attacks on Democratic National Committee servers that disrupted this year’s US presidential race.

据总部位于美国加州的网络安全公司CrowdStrike称，两只熊分别对民主党全国委员会(DNC)的服务器实施了攻击。这些攻击扰乱了今年的美国总统竞选。

Despite Russian government denials of involvement in these two incidents, CrowdStrike suspects that Fancy Bear is affiliated with the GRU, Russia’s military intelligence agency, and that Cozy Bear may be connected with the FSB, successor to the KGB, the Soviet spy service.

尽管俄罗斯政府否认与这两起攻击有关联，但CrowdStrike怀疑，花式熊与俄罗斯军事情报机构格鲁乌(GRU)有关系，而安逸熊或许跟俄罗斯联邦安全局（FSB，前身为苏联间谍机构克格勃(KGB)）有关联。

The two bears do not appear to co-ordinate their cyber attacks on the US and its allies.

两只熊似乎没有协同对美国及其盟国发起网络攻击。

But the nature of their targets indicate that the bears dance to a powerful state’s tune.

但从它们所针对目标的属性来看，这两只熊听命于强大的国家。

Fancy Bear and Cozy Bear are almost certainly examples of a rich and highly distinctive tradition of Russian subversion that dates to before the first world war.

俄罗斯在颠覆活动方面有着厚重、独特的传统，花式熊和安逸熊几乎可以肯定是体现了这一传统。此传统可追溯到第一次世界大战之前。

This includes forged documents, false news stories planted in foreign media, front organisations and, in our times, government-backed social media trolls and fake websites.

做法包括伪造文件、安排在国外媒体上发表的假新闻、掩护性组织，在我们这个时代，还有政府支持的社交媒体钓鱼和假网站。

Naturally, when it comes to hacking and related clandestine operations, other governments are no babes in the woods.

当然，当谈到黑客和相关秘密行动时，其他国家的政府也并非善男信女。

For example, China and Russia tout their friendship, but Chinese hacking of Russian institutions and companies has increased this year, according to security experts in Moscow.

比如，尽管中国和俄罗斯吹嘘它们之间的友谊，但莫斯科的安全专家称，今年中国方面对俄罗斯机构和公司的黑客攻击有所增加。

As for forgeries, a notorious 20th century case, the Zinoviev letter of 1924, had nothing to do with Soviet intelligence.

至于伪造文件，20世纪那个臭名昭著的案例——1924年的季诺维也夫信件(Zinoviev letter)——与苏联情报机构毫无关系。

The document purported to be a letter to the UK Communist party from Grigory Zinoviev, the Soviet international propaganda chief, encouraging subversive acts.

那封信据称是当时的共产国际主席格里戈里•季诺维也夫(Grigory Zinoviev)写给英国共产党的，鼓励后者实施颠覆活动。

British intelligence passed it to the Conservative party, from where it arrived at the Daily Mail.

英国情报机构把这封信转交给保守党，从保守党那里又到了《每日邮报》(Daily Mail)手中。

The Mail published it on the eve of the 1924 election, which the Tories proceeded to win by a landslide — although their victory owed little to the scandal.

该报在1924年选举前夕公布了此信。保守党随后以压倒性优势获胜——不过，这个丑闻对他们的胜利贡献甚微。

Nowadays, historians think that the letter probably originated with anti-Soviet White Russian exiles in Berlin or Riga.

如今，历史学家认为，这封信很可能出自柏林或里加的反苏白俄流亡者之手。

However, another spectacular forgery — The Protocols of the Elders of Zion — seems to have been concocted by the Paris-based head of the foreign branch of tsarist Russia’s secret police.

然而，另一个引人注目的伪造事例——《锡安长老会纪要》(The Protocols of the Elders of Zion)——似乎是由沙皇俄国秘密警察机构的巴黎分支负责人炮制出来的。

The Protocols, which makes wild allegations of a Jewish plot to rule the world, was first published in Russia in 1903 and nourishes global anti-Semitism to the present day.

于1903年最先在俄罗斯出版的该书，令人匪夷所思地指控犹太人阴谋统治世界；自那时起、直到今日，这本书一直为全球反犹太主义提供着养料。

The Soviet Communist party and KGB had a kind of colour scheme for subversive measures.

苏联共产党和克格勃有一套指代不同颠覆活动的颜色代号。

The KGB’s Service A conducted black propaganda (forgeries and rumours); the party’s international information department handled white propaganda (stories in the official Soviet press); and the party’s international department took care of grey propaganda (clandestine radio broadcasts and front groups).

克格勃的A小组(Service A)实施黑色宣传（即：伪造和造谣）；苏共国际信息部处理白色宣传（即：苏联官方媒体上的报道）；苏共国际部负责灰色宣传（即：秘密无线电广播和掩护性组织）。

From the 1960s until the late 1980s, all sorts of lies were sown in western countries and the developing world.

从20世纪60年代至80年代末，苏联在西方国家和发展中国家散播了各种各样的谣言。

The KGB spread a rumour that a rightwing conspiracy was behind President John Kennedy’s assassination in 1963.

克格勃散布谣言称，1963年美国总统约翰•肯尼迪(John Kennedy)的遇刺背后有一个右翼阴谋。

In a deception codenamed Operation Infektion, a letter appeared in a pro-Soviet Indian newspaper in 1983 alleging that Aids was the result of Pentagon biological weapons programmes.

在代号为感染行动(Operation Infektion)的造谣行动中，一份亲苏联的印度报纸在1983年刊登了一封信，声称艾滋病(Aids)是五角大楼(Pentagon)生物武器计划的产物。

In 1985 the disinformation campaign moved to Literaturnaya Gazeta, a Soviet literary weekly, from where it spread to non-Communist countries, damaging America’s image.

1985年，造谣运动的阵地转向苏联文学周刊《文学报》(Literaturnaya Gazeta)，谣言又从那里传到非共产党国家，损害了美国的形象。

After the Soviet Union’s collapse, Yevgeny Primakov, a former foreign intelligence chief, confirmed that the KGB had set up the whole operation.

苏联解体后，前对外情报局长叶夫根尼•普里马科夫(Yevgeny Primakov)证实称，克格勃策划实施了这一整套行动。

A comparable example involving Mr Putin’s Russia is the false story in January that asylum-seekers had raped the 13-year-old daughter of a Russian immigrant family in Germany.

在普京领导下的俄罗斯，一个类似的例子是今年1月的假新闻，声称寻求避难者强奸了德国一个俄罗斯移民家庭的13岁女儿。

This tissue of lies, first reported on Russian state television, stirred up ethnic Russians in Germany just when public opinion was on edge because of the tide of refugees entering the country.

最先由俄罗斯国家电视台报道的这一串谎言，在难民大潮涌入德国导致舆论紧张之际，煽动了该国俄裔居民的情绪。

Rather than pure aggression, retaliation often seems to be behind Russia’s dark arts.

隐藏在俄罗斯这些见不得光的做法背后的，似乎往往是报复，而非单纯的挑衅。

The hacking of Wada was probably a tit-for-tat move for the ban on Russian athletes at the Olympics that followed Wada’s disclosures of state-sponsored doping.

对世界反兴奋剂机构的黑客攻击，很可能是在该机构披露俄罗斯政府支持服用兴奋剂、导致俄运动员遭到奥运会禁赛之后，一项以牙还牙的报复行动。

The DNC hacking may reflect the Kremlin’s perception that the US had a hand both in the 2011 anti-Putin protests in Russian cities and in the 2014 Ukrainian uprising.

针对民主党全国委员会的黑客攻击，或许反映了克里姆林宫的一种看法，即在2011年发生在俄罗斯多座城市的反普京抗议活动以及2014年发生在乌克兰的叛乱中，美国都扮演了某种角色。

Whatever their motives, Fancy Bear and Cozy Bear seem in no mood for a diet of berries and honey.

不管花式熊和安逸熊的动机是什么，它们似乎都没有心情安静地享用浆果和蜂蜜。