高考优秀英文范文
人的一生，就如同文章，写就了许许多多的故事。下面是本站小编给大家整理的高考优秀英文范文，供大家参阅!
高考优秀英文范文：美国年轻人中“地理盲”居多
young americans know little about world geography, with the majority unable to locate iraq on a map and three quarters unable to find indonesia, according to a study.
young americans know little about world geography, with the majority unable to locate iraq on a map and three quarters unable to find indonesia, according to a study.
the roper poll conducted the survey on behalf of national geographic and found that most of the young adults questioned between the ages of 18 and 24 also had little knowledge about their own country, with half or fewer unable to identify the states of new york or ohio on a map.
moreover, the study said, many of those questioned were not bothered by their lack of geographic knowledge.
"half think it is 'important but not absolutely necessary' either to know where countries in the news are located or to be able to speak a foreign language," a report on the survey said.
the report said that that nine in ten could not find afghanistan on a map of asia and 70 percent could not find north korea.
when questioned about natural disasters, only 33% correctly chose pakistan from four possible choices as the country hit by a huge earthquake in october 2008.
the survey was conducted between december 2008 and january 2008 and involved 510 interviews.
national geographic released the survey on last tuesday in launching a five-year campaign to improve geographic literacy among young people in the united states.
"geographic illiteracy impacts our economic well-being, our relationships with other nations and the environment, and isolates us from our world," said john fahey, national geographic society president. "without geography, our young people are not ready to face the challenges of the increasingly interconnected and competitive world."
"美国年轻人中“地理盲”居多"英语作文译文:
一项调查显示，美国年轻人的世界地理知识相当贫乏，大多数人在地图上找不到伊拉克的位置，四分之三的人不知道印度尼西亚在哪里。
洛普民意研究中心代表美国国家地理协会做了此项调查，调查发现：年龄在18岁至24岁间的多数受访青年对本国的地理知识了解得也很少，其中近一半人无法在地图上指出纽约州或俄亥俄州的具体位置。
调查还表明，很多受调查的年轻人对于缺乏地理知识并不以为然。
调查报告中说：“有一半的人认为，虽然知道新闻中提到的国家的具体位置或会说一门外语‘很重要，但并不是绝对必需的’”。
报告中提到，90%的年轻人在亚洲地图上找不到阿富汗，70%的人找不到北朝鲜。
当问及发生自然灾害的国家时，仅有33%的人从四个选项中选出了巴基斯坦;巴基斯坦曾在2008年10月遭受了大地震的重创。
此项调查在去年12月至今年1月间进行，共有510名调查对象参与。
美国国家地理协会于上周二公布了调查结果，此协会启动了一个五年计划，旨在提高美国年轻人的地理知识水平。
国家地理协会主席约翰·费伊说：“地理知识的贫乏对我们的经济繁荣、我国和其他国家的关系以及环境都会产生不良影响，并会将我们和外面的世界孤立开来。当今世界，各国间的联系日益紧密，竞争也越来越激烈，如果没有地理知识，美国的年轻人将无法应对各种挑战。”
高考优秀英文范文：为什么田鼠会坠入爱河
the details of what is going on—the vole story, as it were—is a fascinating one. when prairie voles have sex, two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin are released. if the release of these hormones is blocked, prairie-voles' sex becomes a fleeting affair, like that normally enjoyed by their rakish montane cousins. conversely, if prairie voles are given an injection of the hormones, but prevented from having sex, they will still form a preference for their chosen partner. in other words, researchers can make prairie voles fall in love—or whatever the vole equivalent of this is—with an injection.
像往常一样，最让人着魔的是田鼠爱情故事的进展细节。当草原田鼠性交时，其体内会释放两种称作催产素和抗利尿激素的荷尔蒙。如果这些荷尔蒙的释放被阻断，草原田鼠的性生活便成了短暂的艳遇，它们就会像生性放荡的山区堂兄那样去尽享受风流韵事。 相反，如果给草原田鼠注射以上荷尔蒙，虽然阻止它们性交，它们依然会钟情于已选择的伴侣。换句话说, 不过就一剂注射，研究者们便能让草原田鼠落入情网，不管草原田鼠的感觉如何，反正它们会产生与爱相类似的神经反应。
a clue to what is happening—and how these results might bear on the human condition—was found when this magic juice was given to the montane vole: it made no difference. it turns out that the faithful prairie vole has receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin in brain regions associated with reward and reinforcement, whereas the montane vole does not. the question is, do humans (another species in the 3% of allegedly monogamous mammals) have brains similar to prairie voles?
研究者找到一条与正在发生情形相关的线索，这一线索与如何使上述结果作用于人类有关。线索的结论是：当把这一魔术般的汁液注入山区田鼠体内，其反应与草原田鼠如出一辙。这就证实了，在忠诚的草原田鼠大脑内，与奖赏与强化相关联的区域中，具有一种催产素和抗利尿激素的荷尔蒙受体, 然而山区田鼠却没有。 问题是: 人类——据称是3%实行一夫一妻制的哺乳动物中的另一物种，是否也具有和草原田鼠相似的大脑结构?
to answer that question you need to dig a little deeper. as larry young, a researcher into social attachment at emory university, in atlanta, georgia, explains, the brain has a reward system designed to make voles (and people and other animals) do what they ought to. without it, they might forget to eat, drink and have sex—with disastrous results. that animals continue to do these things is because they make them feel good. and they feel good because of the release of a chemical called dopamine into the brain. sure enough, when a female prairie vole mates, there is a 50% increase in the level of dopamine in the reward centre of her brain.
为对上述疑惑刨根问底，就需要“挖”得更深一些。一位来自佐治亚州，亚特兰大emory大学，研究社会附属关系的学者larry yong，他对此的解释是，田鼠(以及人类和其他动物)的大脑内具有一套奖赏系统用以鼓励它(他)们去做生物应该完成的行为。如若不然，动物将忘记进食，饮水和性行为，从而招致灾难性的后果。动物们不断重复这些行为是因为那使它们感到快乐。这种快感是一种称作多巴胺的化学物质在大脑中的释放使然。当雌性草原田鼠交配时，在大脑奖赏系统中枢，多巴胺水平会有50%的上升，而这已完全足够让这些“女士”们产生上面提到的那种快感。
similarly, when a male rat has sex it feels good to him because of the dopamine. he learns that sex is enjoyable, and seeks out more of it based on how it happened the first time. but, in contrast to the prairie vole, at no time do rats learn to associate sex with a particular female. rats are not monogamous.
与草原田鼠近似，雄性家鼠性交时，因多巴胺分泌同样会感到快乐。当它体验到性让它感到愉悦，便会参照初次经历去搜寻更多机会。但与草原田鼠相反，家鼠决不会学习把性与某个特定的雌性个体关联起来。毕竟家鼠不是“一夫一妻制”的哺乳动物。
this is where the vasopressin and oxytocin come in. they are involved in parts of the brain that help to pick out the salient features used to identify individuals. if the gene for oxytocin is knocked out of a mouse before birth, that mouse will become a social amnesiac and have no memory of the other mice it meets. the same is true if the vasopressin gene is knocked out.
抗利尿激素和催产素就是从这里进入这个科学传说的。它们参与了大脑一些部分的工作，以帮助选出用于辨别个体的显著特征。 如果在老鼠出生前，dna中的抗利尿激素基因即被剔除, 那只老鼠将会成为一个社会性失忆个体，它也不会对遇到的其他老鼠留下任何印象。如果催产素基因缺损，以上命题同样成立。
the salient feature in this case is odour. rats, mice and voles recognise each other by smell. christie fowler and her colleagues at florida state university have found that exposure to the opposite sex generates new nerve cells in the brains of prairie voles—in particular in areas important to olfactory memory. could it be that prairie voles form an olfactory “image” of their partners—the rodent equivalent of remembering a personality—and this becomes linked with pleasure?
这里的显著特征是气味。耗子、老鼠和野鼠靠嗅觉区分彼此。christie fowler和她的同事在佛罗里达州大学的研究中发现，把草原田鼠暴露给异性可使其大脑产生新的神经细胞——在对嗅觉记忆至关重要的一些区域尤其如此。人类是靠个性特征来记住某一个人的。那么草原田鼠会构造一个嗅觉“形像”去记住伴侣吗?这与性愉悦是否存在关联呢?
dr young and his colleagues suggest this idea in an article published last month in the journal of comparative neurology. they argue that prairie voles become addicted to each other through a process of sexual imprinting mediated by odour. furthermore, they suggest that the reward mechanism involved in this addiction has probably evolved in a similar way in other monogamous animals, humans included, to regulate pair-bonding in them as well.
young博士和他的同事在上个月《比较神经学期刊》的文章中提到了这种想法。他们认为草原田鼠通过一个由气味做媒介的性烙印过程使配偶彼此沉溺于对方。此外，他们还提到，与这彼此沉溺上瘾相关的奖赏机制在其他的一夫一妻制动物(包括人类)生理系统中，或许也进化成了相似的方式，以规范他们的配偶联结关系。
高考优秀英文范文：你也许会面对它
sex stimulates the release of vasopressin and oxytocin in people, as well as voles, though the role of these hormones in the human brain is not yet well understood. but while it is unlikely that people have a mental, smell-based map of their partners in the way that voles do, there are strong hints that the hormone pair have something to reveal about the nature of human love: among those of man's fellow primates that have been studied, monogamous marmosets have higher levels of vasopressin bound in the reward centres of their brains than do non-monogamous rhesus macaques.
other approaches are also shedding light on the question. in 2000, andreas bartels and semir zeki of university college, london, located the areas of the brain activated by romantic love. they took students who said they were madly in love, put them into a brain scanner, and looked at their patterns of brain results were surprising. for a start, a relatively small area of the human brain is active in love, compared with that involved in, say, ordinary friendship. “it is fascinating to reflect”, the pair conclude, “that the face that launched a thousand ships should have done so through such a limited expanse of cortex.” the second surprise was that the brain areas active in love are different from the areas activated in other emotional states, such as fear and anger. parts of the brain that are love-bitten include the one responsible for gut feelings, and the ones which generate the euphoria induced by drugs such as cocaine. so the brains of people deeply in love do not look like those of people experiencing strong emotions, but instead like those of people snorting coke. love, in other words, uses the neural mechanisms that are activated during the process of addiction. “we are literally addicted to love,” dr young observes. like the prairie voles.
it seems possible, then, that animals which form strong social bonds do so because of the location of their receptors for vasopressin and oxytocin. evolution acts on the distribution of these receptors to generate social or non-social versions of a vole. the more receptors located in regions associated with reward, the more rewarding social interactions become. social groups, and society itself, rely ultimately on these receptors. but for evolution to be able to act, there must be individual variation between mice, and between men. and this has interesting st year, steven phelps, who works at emory with dr young, found great diversity in the distribution of vasopressin receptors between individual prairie voles. he suggests that this variation contributes to individual differences in social behaviour—in other words, some voles will be more faithful than others. meanwhile, dr young says that he and his colleagues have found a lot of variation in the vasopressin-receptor gene in humans. “we may be able to do things like look at their gene sequence, look at their promoter sequence, to genotype people and correlate that with their fidelity,” he muses.
it has already proved possible to tinker with this genetic inheritance, with startling results. scientists can increase the expression of the relevant receptors in prairie voles, and thus strengthen the animals' ability to attach to partners. and in 1999, dr young led a team that took the prairie-vole receptor gene and inserted it into an ordinary (and therefore promiscuous) mouse. the transgenic mouse thus created was much more sociable to its mate.
虽然抗利尿激素和催产素在人脑内的角色仍未被透彻了解，但与田鼠一样，人体在受到性刺激时也会释放这些荷尔蒙。尽管与田鼠不一样，人类不太可能有一张基于嗅觉的神经系统伴侣图谱，但若干线索已有力说明，这两种荷尔蒙能揭示一些人类恋爱的本质∶在已被研究过的人类灵长目同伴之中，一夫一妻制小长尾猴的大脑奖赏中枢系统中，抗利尿激素水平较非一夫一妻制的恒河短尾猿高。其他方法也正在为人们寻找这些问题的谜底。2000 年，来自伦敦市大学学院的andreas bartels和semir zeki定位出了能被浪漫爱情激活的大脑区域。两位学者选择自称正在热恋的学生作为测试目标，利用脑扫描仪对他们的大脑活动模式进行观测。
令人惊讶的是：首先，人脑参与到恋爱的活动区域，较之其他感情(如普通友谊)，相对要比较小些。“引人注意的是，结果显示，”两位学者推断说，“美丽的面容是通过控制一个有限区域的大脑皮层来实现‘一顾倾人城，再顾倾人国’的。” 第二个惊奇之处是，大脑内因恋爱而活跃的区域不同于因其他情绪而活跃的区域，例如，恐惧和愤怒。 被恋爱“咬住”的那部份大脑还包括负责内脏感觉和因可卡因等毒品生成快感的区域。因此，因此，深坠爱河的恋人们的大脑，并非类同于经历强烈情绪波动的人，倒更接近那些鼻吸可卡因的瘾君子。换句话说，爱情使用的是在成瘾过程中被激活的神经机制。“严格地讲, 我们成瘾于爱情，”young博士评述道，“就如同草原田鼠”。那么看起来，能形成稳固社会联结的动物之所以愿意建立彼此间的伙伴关系，可能是由它们的抗利尿激素和催产素受体在大脑中的位置所决定。生物进化作用于以上受体在大脑的分布，而产生了社会性或非社会性不同版本的田鼠。位于奖赏机制有关区域的受体越多，对个体而言, 社会互动就更具有回报性。动物的社会性团体，乃至整个社会本身都最终依赖于这些受体。但要使进化真能发生效力，在鼠之鼠之间以及人与人之间，一定存在个体变异。这一论述还有引人入胜的推论。
在emory大学与young博士一同工作的steven phelps去年发现，草原田鼠各个体间抗利尿激素受体的脑内分布，存在着很大的差异。他提出，正是这一变异导致了社会行为的个体差异，换句话说，一些田鼠将会比另一些更加忠诚。同时，young博士说他和同事已经发现人类抗利尿激素受体基因的许多变异。“我们或许能够做些类似于察看人们的基因序列，察看他们的启动序列等工作，在此基础上对人们进行基因型分类, 并把分类结果与他们的忠诚度关联起来”，young博士作如是想。
事实已经证明可能对这种基因遗传进行修补，并产生了令人吃惊的结果。科学家能增加草原田鼠相关受体的表达，以加强动物对同伴的依附能力。而且在 1999 年，young博士带领了一只研究队伍，他们将草原田鼠的受体基因插入到一只平常(因此成为杂乱的) 老鼠的体内，由此产生的转基因鼠对它的配偶表现得更为友善。
以上是本站小编整理所得，欢迎大家阅读和收藏。
